ESB: Novi operativni okvir

15.03.2024

Ranije od očekivanja, ESB je objavila neka ključna načela za provedbu monetarne politike i osiguravanje likvidnosti središnje banke. Još uvijek nije sve razjašnjeno i većina promjena relevantna je samo na duži rok.

 

Ključni zaključci su:

• Stopa na novčani depozit ostat će ključna kamatna stopa ESB-a za usmjeravanje kretanja kratkoročnih stopa na tržištu novca - kao i do sada. Razlika između stope za glavne operacije refinanciranja i stope na novčani depozit smanjit će se i iznositi 15 baznih bodova od 18. rujna 2024. – to je novo.
• Glavne operacije refinanciranja imat će središnju ulogu u zadovoljenju likvidnosnih potreba banaka te će se i dalje provoditi putem raspodjele punog iznosa likvidnosti na aukcijama s nepromjenjivom stopom na osnovi različitih vrsta kolaterala.
• Dugoročne posljedice za kratkoročne stope na novčanom tržištu trebale bi biti nešto veće marže na depozitnu stopu ESB-a i veća volatilnost, ali još uvijek prihvatljiva.
• Podaci o držanju obveznica ESB-a ostali su šturi. Smanjenje APP-a i PEPP-a nastavit će se kako je navedeno. Nove strukturne operacije dugoročnijeg refinanciranja i strukturni portfelj vrijednosnih papira uvest će se u kasnijoj fazi, ali ne prije završetka kvantitativnog pooštravanja. Može se postaviti pitanje hoće li se ovaj novi portfelj implementirati prije sljedeće revizije 2026. godine.
• Stopa pričuve za potrebe određivanja minimalnih obveznih pričuva banaka ostaje nepromijenjena i iznosi 1%. Stopa remuneracije minimalnih pričuva ostaje nepromijenjena i iznosi 0% - to je ostalo nepromijenjeno.

U prosincu 2022. godine ESB je započela reviziju svog operativnog okvira. To je sada zaključeno i ESB je objavio Izjavu nakon sastanka Upravnog vijeća održanog 13. ožujka. Izjava sadrži ključna načela o tome kako će Upravno vijeće upravljati kratkoročnim kamatnim stopama na tržištu novca i, prema tome, kako ESB provodi monetarnu politiku. U priopćenju za medije predsjednica Lagarde je izjavila: „Okvir će osigurati da provedba naše politike ostane učinkovita, robusna, fleksibilna i djelotvorna u budućnosti kako se naša bilanca bude normalizirala.“ Pogledajmo detaljnije!

Jedna od skorijih promjena odnosi se na raspon kojim se protežu referentne kamatne stope ESB-a. Stopa za glavne operacije refinanciranja prilagodit će se tako da se razlika između stope za glavne operacije refinanciranja i stope na novčani depozit smanji s trenutačnih 50 baznih bodova na 15 baznih bodova od 18. rujna 2024. Kamatna stopa za mogućnost posudbe na kraju dana i dalje će biti postavljena 25 bb iznad glavne stope refinanciranja. Tako će raspon između kamatne stope na depozite i kamatne stope za mogućnost posudbe na kraju dana iznositi 40 bb umjesto sadašnjih 75 bb.

Je li ovo važno? Za banke, koje žele dobiti likvidnost od ESB-a, to očito i jest. Za kratkoročne stope na tržištu novca to bi moglo biti, ali to ovisi o tome kako ESB postavlja druge parametre. Ključni parametar u tom smislu je količina viška likvidnosti koju ESB želi zadržati. I u tom smislu, ESB je ostala prilično tajanstvena u reviziji. Međutim, ono što ESB navodi u vezi s kratkoročnim stopama na novčanom tržištu jest sljedeće:

Stajalište monetarne politike najbolje se provodi usmjeravanjem kratkoročnih stopa na tržištu novca u skladu s odlukama o monetarnoj politici - to znači da bi kratkoročne stope na tržištu novca trebale odražavati promjene u ključnim kamatnim stopama ESB-a gotovo 1:1.

Stavom monetarne politike upravlja se prilagodbom depozitne kamatne stope - to znači da je namjera da se kratkoročne stope tržišta kreću u blizini depozitne stope, a ne glavne stope refinanciranja ili kamatne stope za mogućnost posudbe na kraju dana.

Određena volatilnost stopa na tržištu novca može se tolerirati - to znači da višak likvidnosti ne mora nužno biti toliko obilan da eliminira bilo kakve tržišno vođene fluktuacije kratkoročnih stopa na tržištu novca.

Potonje sugerira da buduće osiguranje likvidnosti ESB-a bankarskom sektoru neće biti niti oskudno - kao u vremenima prije financijske krize - niti obilno - kao što je sada i bila je u posljednjem desetljeću. Može se reći da je ESB bio puno manje jasan u pogledu svog budućeg stava o likvidnosti nego Fed ili BoE (za usporedbu pogledajte publikaciju od prošlog ljeta: ECB Watch: The future of liquidity). Ono što znamo iz revizije jest da ESB namjerava kombinirati operacije refinanciranja i kupnju imovine: "osigurati pričuve središnje banke kroz široku kombinaciju instrumenata".

Namjera je da operacije glavnog refinanciranja (Main refinancing operations ili MROs) ponovno imaju središnju ulogu. Trenutno to očito nije slučaj! Ovotjedne aukcije pokazale su potražnju banaka europodručja u prosjeku od oko 5 milijardi eura u 2024. Da pružimo neku perspektivu: ukupna imovina banaka europodručja iznosi oko 37.400 milijardi eura, a rezerve središnje banke 3.500 milijardi eura. Ako MRO-ovi ili drugi standardni oblici poput 3-mjesečnih LTRO-ova ponovno dobiju mnogo veću važnost, ESB-ovo osiguranje likvidnosti postaje više orijentirano na potražnju. Kako bismo ovo razumjeli, važno je znati da ESB namjerava zadržati trenutne značajke operacija refinanciranja: fiksna stopa, raspodjela punog iznosa likvidnosti, uz širok kolateral.

Dakle, banka može posuditi koliko god želi od ESB-a po cijeni glavne stope refinanciranja (15 bb iznad depozitne stope) pod uvjetom da je osigurano dovoljno kolaterala. Sada ipak postaje zamršeno! Ako postoji snažan element pružanja likvidnosti potaknute potražnjom, glavna stopa refinanciranja, a ne depozitna stopa, trebala bi biti granična cijena i usmjeravati kratkoročne stope na tržištu novca. Može biti samo slučaj da se kratkoročnim stopama na novčanom tržištu još uvijek trguje blizu depozitne stope zbog činjenice da se €STR-om trguje ispod glavne ključne stope ESB-a. Trenutačno se €STR-om trguje na 3,908% s kamatnom stopom ESB-a od 4%. Razlog tome je što nemaju svi subjekti obuhvaćeni €STR-om pristup ESB-ovim instrumentima monetarne politike. Nije bilo priopćenja da će se to promijeniti tako da bi kratkoročne stope na tržištu novca trebale nastaviti biti ispod kamatne stope ESB-a za mogućnost posudbe na kraju dana. Uz pretpostavku sličnog diskonta, cijena €STR-a bi tada mogla biti jednaka ili malo iznad stope depozita, a ne ispod nje.

Ovo se neće uskoro ostvariti! Sve dok je višak likvidnosti tako obilan kao što je sada, malo će se toga promijeniti za kratkoročne stope tržišta novca. Višak likvidnosti trenutno se samo postupno smanjuje nereinvestiranjem obveznica koje dospijevaju iz APP-a, a od sredine godine nadalje i PEPP-a. Revizija operativnog okvira ne želi se u to miješati. Općenito, postoje samo vrlo nejasne smjernice o budućnosti kupnje imovine. Ono što ESB priopćava jest da želi izgraditi strukturni portfelj vrijednosnih papira kako bi pokrio „strukturne potrebe bankarskog sektora za likvidnošću koje proizlaze iz autonomnih čimbenika i minimalnih zahtjeva za pričuvu“. Stoga nema namjeru utjecati na monetarnu politiku, već osigurati temelj za pričuve središnje banke. Ovaj novi portfelj bit će uveden tek kada bilanca ESB-a počne „ponovno trajno rasti“. Po našem mišljenju to znači da ovo neće biti tema ove godine, a vjerojatno ni sljedeće godine. Još jedna dugoročna strukturna tema o kojoj znamo vrlo malo iz pregleda su „nove strukturne operacije dugoročnog refinanciranja“. Pretpostavljamo da bi oni mogli imati dospijeće od jedne godine i da su, na ovaj ili onaj način, povezani kako bi olakšali zelenu tranziciju.

Jedna tema koja je jasnije specificirana su minimalne rezerve. Stopa minimalne pričuve ostaje nepromijenjena na 1%, a naknada za pričuve ostaje na 0%. Posljednjih mjeseci bilo je mnogo nagađanja da bi se stopa minimalne pričuve mogla povećati (neki tvrde da bi to bilo značajno). Ova tema je zatvorena, barem do 2026. godine, kada se provodi nova revizija.

Općenito, revizija ESB-og operativnog okvira daje neke smjernice, ali zaostaje za očekivanjima kada je riječ o detaljima. Neka važna pitanja, poput relativne uloge operacija refinanciranja i kupnje imovine, ostaju otvorena. U usporedbi s Fed-om i BoE-om, čini se da ESB još nije pronašla zajednički jezik o svim aspektima svoje buduće strategije likvidnosti.

(Franz Zobl, RBI) 


 

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58%

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14%

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